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Simultaneous equation method for uv spectroscopy

SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION METHOD OR VIERODT'S METHOD

If a sample contains two absorbing drugs (X and Y) each of which absorbs at the λmax different from the other, it may be possible to determine both drugs by the technique of simultaneous equations (Vierodt's method), provided certain criterias apply. The information required is (a) The aborptivities of X at and λ1 and λ2 are ax1 and ax2 respectively (b) The aborptivities of Y at and λ1 and λ2 are ay1 and ay2 respectively. (c) The absorbances of the diluted sample at λ1 and λ2 are A1 and A2 respectively. Let Cx and Cy be the concentrations of X and Y respectively in the diluted sample. Two equations are constructed based upon the fact that at λ1 and λ2, the absorbance of the mixture is the sum of the individual absorbance of X and Y.

At λ1 A1 = a X1 b Cx + aY1b Cy ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (1)

At λ2 A2 = a X2 b Cx + aY2 b Cy‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ (2)

For measurements in 1 cm cells b=1

Rearrange eq. (2)

A2 ‐ a X2 b Cx Cy = ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ aY2

Grandmother's smoking in pregnancy

Summary:

Scientists have looked at all 14,500 participants in Children of the 90s and found that if a girl's maternal grandmother smoked during pregnancy, the girl is 67 percent more likely to display certain traits linked to autism, such as poor social communication skills and repetitive behaviors.

Scientists from the University of Bristol have looked at all 14,500 participants in Children of the 90s and found that if a girl's maternal grandmother smoked during pregnancy, the girl is 67% more likely to display certain traits linked to autism, such as poor social communication skills and repetitive behaviours.

The team also found that if the maternal grandmother smoked, this increased by 53% the risk of her grandchildren having a diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

These discoveries suggest that if a female is exposed to cigarette smoke while she is still in the womb, it could affect the developing eggs -- causing changes that may eventually affect the development of her own children. Further research is now needed to find out what these molecular changes might be, and to see whether the same associations are present in other groups of people.

Unlike the analysis of autistic traits, which was based on over 7,000 participants, the 177 diagnosed with ASD were too few to analyse grandsons and granddaughters separately.

The discovery, published today in Scientific Reports, is part of an ongoing, long-term study of the effects of maternal and paternal grandmother's smoking in pregnancy on the development of their grandchildren, who are all part of Children of the 90s. By using detailed information collected over many years on multiple factors that may affect children's health and development, the researchers were able to rule out other potential explanations for their results.

The incidence of ASD has increased in recent years, and while some of this increase is undoubtedly down to improved diagnosis, changes in environment or lifestyle are also likely to play a role. The researchers also stress that many different factors, including genetic variation, are believed to affect an individual's chances of developing ASD.

Past studies of maternal smoking in pregnancy and ASD in children have been inconclusive. Going back a generation has revealed an intergenerational effect, which interestingly is most clear cut when the mother herself did not smoke in pregnancy.

The reasons for this are not entirely clear but Professor Marcus Pembrey, one of the paper's authors, says: 'In terms of mechanisms, there are two broad possibilities. There is DNA damage that is transmitted to the grandchildren or there is some adaptive response to the smoking that leaves the grandchild more vulnerable to ASD. We have no explanation for the sex difference, although we have previously found that grand-maternal smoking is associated with different growth patterns in grandsons and granddaughters.

'More specifically, we know smoking can damage the DNA of mitochondria -- the numerous "power-packs" contained in every cell, and mitochondria are only transmitted to the next generation via the mother's egg. The initial mitochondrial DNA mutations often have no overt effect in the mother herself, but the impact can increase when transmitted to her own children.'

Professor Jean Golding, another author, added: 'We already know that protecting a baby from tobacco smoke is one of the best things a woman can do to give her child a healthy start in life. Now we've found that not smoking during pregnancy could also give their future grandchildren a better start too. We have started studying the next generation of participants (COCO90s), so eventually we will be able to see if the effect carries down from the great-grandparents to their great-grandchildren too.'

Dr Dheeraj Rai, another author, added: 'We still do not know why many children develop autism and behaviours linked to it. The associations we observe raise intriguing issues on possible transgenerational influences in autism. Future research will help understand the meaning and mechanisms behind these findings. The National Autistic Society website contains a wealth of information about autism and details on how and where to seek advice.'

Alycia Halladay, PhD, chief science officer at the Autism Science Foundation (USA), said: 'To date, research into the causes of autism has been limited to studying maternal or paternal exposures during pregnancy. By utilizing a birth cohort in the United Kingdom [Children of the 90s], scientists are able to go back a generation to examine the role of grandparental exposures, presumably through germ line mutations and epigenetic modifications. Hopefully, grandparental exposures will continue to be investigated to better understand this mechanism.'

Source: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170427091740.htm

Ability of stem cells expanded to regrow any tissue type

Source:

Salk Institute

Summary:

A new technique, which allows scientists to generate both embryonic and non-embryonic tissues from cultured stem cells, is a step toward growing donor organs and replacement tissues to combat aging and diseases.

Human EPS cells (green) can be detected in both the embryonic part (left) and extra-embryonic parts (placenta and yolk sac, right) of a mouse embryo.

Credit: Salk Institute

When scientists talk about laboratory stem cells being totipotent or pluripotent, they mean that the cells have the potential, like an embryo, to develop into any type of tissue in the body. What totipotent stem cells can do that pluripotent ones can't do, however, is develop into tissues that support the embryo, like the placenta. These are called extra-embryonic tissues, and are vital in development and healthy growth.

Now, scientists at the Salk Institute, in collaboration with researchers from Peking University, in China, are reporting their discovery of a chemical cocktail that enables cultured mouse and human stem cells to do just that: generate both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues. Their technique, described in the journal Cell on April 6, 2017, could yield new insights into mammalian development that lead to better disease modeling, drug discovery and even tissue regeneration. This new technique is expected to be particularly useful for modeling early developmental processes and diseases affecting embryo implantation and placental function, possibly paving the way for improved in vitro fertilization techniques.

"During embryonic development, both the fertilized egg and its initial cells are considered totipotent, as they can give rise to all embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages. However, the capture of stem cells with such developmental potential in vitro has been a major challenge in stem cell biology," says Salk Professor Juan Carlos Izpisua Bemonte, co-senior author of the paper and holder of Salk's Roger Guillemin Chair. "This is the first study reporting the derivation of a stable stem cell type that shows totipotent-like bi-developmental potential towards both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages."

Once a mammalian egg is fertilized and begins dividing, the new cells segregate into two groups: those that will develop into the embryo and those that will develop into supportive tissues like the placenta and amniotic sac. Because this division of labor happens relatively early, researchers often can't maintain cultured cell lines stably until cells have already passed the point where they could still become either type. The newly discovered cocktail gives stem cells the ability to stably become either type, leading the Salk team to dub them extended pluripotent stem (EPS) cells.

"The discovery of EPS cells provides a potential opportunity for developing a universal method to establish stem cells that have extended developmental potency in mammals," says Jun Wu, a senior scientist at Salk and one of the paper's first authors. "Importantly, the superior interspecies chimeric competency of EPS cells makes them especially valuable for studying development, evolution and human organ generation using a host animal species."

To develop their cocktail, the Salk team, together with the team from Peking University, first screened for chemical compounds that support pluripotency. They discovered that a simple combination of four chemicals and a growth factor could stabilize the human pluripotent stem cells at a developmentally less mature state, thereby allowing them to more efficiently contribute to chimera (a mix of cells from two different species) formation in a developing mouse embryo. They also applied the same factors to mouse cells and found, surprisingly, that the newly derived mouse stem cells could not only give rise to embryonic tissue types but also differentiate into cells from the extra-embryonic lineages. Moreover, the team found that the new mouse stem cells have a superior ability to form chimeras and a single cell could give rise to an entire adult mouse, which is unprecedented in the field, according to the team.

"The superior chimeric competency of both human and mouse EPS cells is advantageous in applications such as the generation of transgenic animal models and the production of replacement organs," adds Wu. "We are now testing to see whether human EPS cells are more efficient in chimeric contribution to pigs, whose organ size and physiology are closer to humans." Human EPS cells, combined with the interspecies blastocyst complementation platform as reported by the same Salk team in Cell in January 2017, hold great potential for the generation of human organs in pigs to meet the rising demand for donor organs.

"We believe that the derivation of a stable stem cell line with totipotent-like features will have a broad and resounding impact on the stem cell field," says Izpisua Belmonte.

AKCENT GROUP "Charak Institute of pharmacy, Mandleshwer

AKCENT GROUP

Charak Institute of Pharmacy, Mandleshwer Dist. Khargone (M.P.)

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Solanki Sir. Patel Sir, Jaiswal sir ,Patidar sir .

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My First Poster Presentation 2013

THE PHARMACY ACT, 1948

INTRODUCTION

In India there was no restriction to practise the profession of pharmacy. One could practise this profession as any other profession. Persons, having no knowledge and having no education in pharmacy or pharmaceutical chemistry or pharmacology, were engaged in this profession. Hundreds of cases were brought to the notice of the Government wherein the compounding, mixing, or dispensing of medicines was being done by persons who were not adequately educated in this line. The system was causing great harm to the health of people by wrong compounding, mixing or dispensing. It was found necessary to enact a law for the regulation of the profession and practice of pharmacy. To achieve this goal the Pharmacy Bill, 1947 was introduced in the Legislature which was later referred to the Select Committee. The recommendations of the Selection Committee were incorporated in the Bill.

STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS

It is desirable that, as in most other countries, only persons who have attained a minimum standard of professional education should be permitted to practise the Profession of Pharmacy. It is accordingly proposed to establish a Central Council of Pharmacy, which will prescribe the minimum standards of education and approve courses of study and examinations for Pharmacists, and Provincial Pharmacy Councils, which will be responsible for the maintenance of provincial registers of qualified pharmacists. It is further proposed to empower Provincial Governments to prohibit the dispensing of medicine on the prescription of a medical practitioner otherwise than by, or under the direct and personal supervision of, a registered pharmacist.

ACT 8 OF 1948

The Pharmacy Bill, 1947, having been passed by the Legislature received its assent on 4th March, 1948. It came on the Statute Book as THE PHARMACY ACT, 1948 (8 of 1948).

LIST OF AMENDING ACTS AND ADAPTATION ORDERS

1. The Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

2. The Adaptation of Laws (No.3) Order, 1956.

3. The Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 1959 (24 of 1959).

4. The Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 1976 (70 of 1976).

5. The Pharmacy (Amendment) Act, 1982 (22 of 1982).

6. The Delegated Legislation Provisions (Amendment) Act, 1985 (4 of 1986).

______________________

Packaging Technology

DEFINITION:

Packing: Packing consists of enclosing an individual item, or several items, in a container, usually for shipment or delivery. This operation is mostly done by hand and machine. Pharmaceutical

Packaging: Pharmaceutical packaging means the combination of components necessary to contain, preserve, protect & deliver a safe, efficacious drug product, such that at any time point before expiration date of the drug product, a safe & efficacious dosage form is available.

Types of Packaging Systems:

Primary package system: Made up of those package components & subcomponents that come into direct contact with the product, or those that may have a direct effect on the product shelf life.
Secondary or tertiary package system: Includes cartons, corrugated shippers & pallets

Packaging must meet the following Requirements: [ideal requirements]

Protect the preparation from environmental conditions.
Non-reactive with the product and so does not alter the identity of the product
Does not impart tastes or odors to the product
Nontoxic
FDA approved
Protect the dosage form from damage or breakage
Meet tamper-resistance requirements, wherever applicable.
Adaptable to commonly employed high-speed packaging equipments.

Criteria for the Selection of package type and package material:

Stability
Compatibility with the contents
Strength of container and the degree of protection required
Moisture-proofness
Resistance to corrosion by Acids or Alkalis
Resistance to grease
Protection against salt
Resistance to microorganisms
Resistance to insects and rodents
Resistance to differences in temperature
Protection against light, fire and pilferage
Odor retention and transmission
Aesthetic effect
Cost
Machine suitability of packaging and the filling method.

Possible Interactions between primary packaging materials and the included pharmaceutical product:

The release of chemicals from components of the packaging materials
The release of visible and/or sub visible particles
The absorption or adsorption of pharmaceutical components by the packaging materials
Chemical reactions between pharmaceutical product & the packaging materials
The degradation of packaging components in contact with the pharmaceutical products
The influence of the manufacturing process (e.g. sterilization) on the container.

Packaging materials & closures:

Glass
Plastic
Metals
Paper and Board
Rubber
Cotton
Adhesives and Inks
Closures

GLASS CONTAINERS:

Advantages:

Superior protective qualities
Economical
Readily available in a wide variety of sizes & shapes
Essentially chemically inert, impermeable, strong and rigid
Has FDA clearance 6. Does not deteriorate with age
Provides an excellent barrier against every element except light with a proper closure system. Colored glass, especially amber, can give protection against light.

Disadvantages:

Fragility
Heavy Weight.

Composition of glass

Mainly made up of

Sand – pure silica
Soda-ash – sodium carbonate
Limestone – calcium carbonate
Cullet – broken glass that is mixed with the batch & acts as a fusion agent for the entire mixture

The most common cations found in pharmaceutical glassware are silicone, aluminum, boron, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc & barium. The only anion of consequence is oxygen.

TYPES OF GLASS

Type I – Borosilicate Glass

Type II – Treated Soda-Lime Glass

Type III – Regular Soda-Lime Glass

Type NP – General Purpose Soda-Lime Glass

Coming Soon...........

8 reasons why you may not trust Fizzle as far as you can throw us yet.

1. “Isn’t just about everything you share available for free on the internet?”

Wow, starting out with a doozie. Ok, let’s talk about it.

Ideas about the foundations of business are available ALL OVER the web.

You can spend TONS of time clicking around the web learning bits and pieces.

The danger, of course, is that many people never move beyond that - spending A LOT of time clicking around.

Onesie-twosie learning will never be as curated, ordered, organized and action oriented as The Fizzle Roadmap.

We know the common pitfalls, we help you avoid them and make progress on your business every single week. This is what the Roadmap and community at Fizzle were designed for, and this is what our members gladly pay for each month.

2. “Aren’t you too young to be business trainers?”

Some of us really do have baby faces :)

First, we have deep experience in both the new and old business worlds. Fortune 500 consultant, head of sales at a massive startup, highly sought-after designer… these are the careers we built before joining Fizzle.

Second, we were the team of choice when a few massive bloggers needed help with strategy and design. (That was back when we did client work.) They believed in how we look at new business. (Spoiler Alert: it paid off well for them.)

Third, some of our courses aren’t actually taught by us, they’re taught by leading experts. (Look for more of these in the future as we diversify the course library.)

But what speaks most for us is the success of our members. People like Adam, Bree, Val and Tom who joined Fizzle with an idea and are now earning a full-time living on their own terms.

3. “Are you just out to make a quick buck?”

We priced Fizzle membership at an affordable $35/month (about a dollar a day), and included a free trial and an easy “click to cancel” button to stop being billed immediately.

If we wanted to make a quick buck we’d have a big price tag, lots of marketing and it’d be hard for you to get a refund.

No, we’re not out to make a quick buck. Instead, we designed ourselves into a business that only survives in a long-term relationship with you.

4. “I’m worried your training will be too basic or too general.”

Yes, this is a very common question.

From idea to initial audience, from first product to audience growth, from creation to sales and marketing, there are actions.

Some actions require you to know certain concepts and ideas, so there’s some learning you may need there.

Maybe more than anything else, these actions, done in a particular order, are the most important ingredient in making your idea a reality and growing your business.

Fizzle will focus you on those actions regardless of how advanced or basic your understanding is at this point.

Besides that, the community and our weekly coaching calls go a long way to answering specific questions that might be unique to your business.

5. “I have other business trainers I already trust.”

I totally understand.

I mean, we are very unique here at Fizzle. We have a very humane, open and fun way of looking at business and have designed ourselves into a business model that requires us to be excellent and honest.

And, obviously, the special community here is without equal in the world of online business.

Also, we’re very enthusiastic about dancing. It’s just something we are committed to (Steph in particular).

So, we have a unique way of looking at things and a very special community, and we just might be the hardest working business in business, but we’re not hurt if you like someone else more than us…

… well, I mean a little… but we’ll be OK.

(PS. if this is where you are, reply and tell us who you like so much. They must be doing a great job, and maybe we can collaborate.)

6. “I doubt I’ll have time for training right now.”

This is a really good point. Thanks for your candor.

So, here’s what we’ve done at Fizzle to design for the realities of modern life.

We’ve broken up each course and each section of the roadmap into bite-sized chunks so you can do them at your own pace.

We also have a dashboard that makes it easy to pickup exactly where you left off.

And every friday we send out a short email called “This Week in Fizzle,” sharing popular conversations from the forums. (This is one of my favorite things we do.)

Managing time is a massive challenge for just about all small business builders. We’ve designed the training and our weekly “This Week in Fizzle” community email to fit Fizzle into your life, not the other way around.

7. “I don’t think I’m ready to pay money for training.”

Wow, I really understand this one. Thank you for your honestly.

Now, let’s take that honesty a little further and realize that what you might be saying is this: I am not yet very serious about starting my own business.

First of all, please know that is a very OK thing to say, and brave. Many people think themselves very serious about business when they’re really just playing and pretending.

And second, maybe just beware of staying in that spectator position for too long… your future self might come to resent you. (Lord knows there’s things I wish I would have started sooner.)

So, can you still be interested in starting a business without paying for professional training? Yes. Fizzle’s blog and podcast, hopefully, are very inspiring places to keep learning.

And, when it come time to invest in yourself-if your goal is to earn a living doing something you care about as a freelancer, creative or entrepreneur-I hope you consider Fizzle membership. (At the very least it’ll be the most affordable excellent training you’ll likely find :)

8. “It feels kinda weird that you’re so up front about this stuff.

I know, even as I write this I’m, like, “this isn’t normal!”

I hope it’s not too weird.

As I said, we can’t afford to be dishonest because people would just stop paying the $35/month for Fizzle.

We don’t want everyone to join Fizzle, but we really want the right kind of person to know about it. So, my bet is that brutal honesty will help attract awesome people.