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 EXPERIMENT OBJECT: To prepare calcium carbonate (CaCO3).  REFERENCES 1. Singh H.R., Kapoor V.K. “Practical Pharmaceutical chemistry”, Vallabh Prakashan, Ed. I st, 2008, pp 109.  2. Chatwal G.R, “Pharmaceutical chemistry inorganic” Himalaya publishing house, 5th Ed. 5th, 2010, pp 161-163.  REQUIREMENTS  Chemical required: Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Calcium carbonate (CaCl2)  Apparatus required: Beaker, funnel, glass rod & Measuring cylinder.  THEORY   Synonyms: Precipitated Chalk  Chemical formula: CaCO3  Molecular weight 100.09  It has been regarded as one of the most abundant and widely distributed calcium salts. Calcium carbonate is found in nature as limestone, chalk, marble, argnite, and calcite and one of the main constituents of pearls and shells. It is a fine white odorless, tasteless microcrystalline powder. It is practically insoluble in water but its solubility is increased by the presence of any ammonium salts or c...

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  LIMIT TEST FOR SULPHATES     AIM : To perform limit test for sulphates in the given sample.   APPARATUS REQIURED : Nessler’s cylinder, beaker, pipette, measuring cylinder, glass rods.     CHEMICALS REQUIRED : BaCl 2 solution, BaSO 4 reagent, dil. HCl, standard solution of potassium sulphate, distilled water, test sample, PRINCIPLE : This test is designed for the control of sulphate impurity in inorganic substances. It depends upon the precipitation of the sulphate with barium chloride in the presence of HCl and traces of barium sulphate. The turbidity obtained is compared with standard solution, which contains the known amount of sulphate ions under the same experimental conditions. SO 4 2- + BaCl 2  --------         Dil.HCl------- BaSO 4     +   2Cl - PROCEDURE :   Preparation of BaSO 4 reagent: This reagent must be freely pr...

  LIMIT TEST FOR CHLORIDES     AIM: To perform the limit test for chlorides in the given sample . APPARATUS REQUIRED: Nessler’s cylinders, glass rod, beaker and pipette. CHEMICALS REQUIRED: Standard Sodium Chloride solution, dilute Nitric acid, 0.1 M Silver natrate solution and Hydrochloric acid. PRINCIPLE : This test is designed for the control of chloride impurity in inorganic substances. It depends upon the precipitation of chlorides upon reaction with silver nitrate in the presence of nitric acid. The extent of precipitation depends upon the amount of silver chloride formed i.e. on the amount of chloride ions present in the substance. The opalescence produced was compared with a reference standard opalescence having a known amount of chloride impurity. Cl - + AgNO 3                          ...

   Dostarlimab, The Drug That 'Cured' Cancer During Trials.   As many as 18 rectal cancer patients were given the Dostarlimab drug in prescribed dosages every three weeks for six months.   A study has found that a drug named Dostarlimab has helped treat rectal cancer. This has been described as a "first time in history"kind of result in cancer treatment with the disease simply vanishing in patients after the experimental treatment. Here are 10 things to know about Dostarlimab, the drug that cured cancer during trial : 1. The clinical trial comprised a group of 18 patients. All of them were battling rectal cancer at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in Manhattan, US. 2. In all patients, rectal cancer was locally advanced. This means the tumours had spread within the rectum and in some cases, to the lymph nodes, but not to other organs. 3. The drug named Dostarlimab was administered to the patients for a period of six months. The medicine was given in prescrib...

TO SYNTHESIZE BENZYL ALCOHOL FROM BENZALDEHYDE Reference: Vogel's textbook of practical organic chemistry revised by B.  S.  Furniss, a.  J  Hannaford, P.  W.  G.  Smith, A.  R.  Tatchell, Fifth Edition, ELES, 1989, page no - 1029.   Requirements: Apparatus - Beaker, Conical Flask, Round Bottom Flask, Water Bath Vessel, Reagent Bottle, Separatory Funnel, Funnel, Measuring Cylinder.  Pipette, Condenser, Stirrer, Spatula, Etc.    Chemical: - Potassium Hydroxide, Ice, Benzaldehyde, Ether, Sodium Metabisulphite, Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous Magnesium Sulphate.  Instrument - Rotary Evaporator, Hot Air Oven, Vacuum pump.  Melting Point Apparatus.  Principle: Refer experiment for synthesis of benzoic acid from benzamide ’- Figure 07  A typical assembly for purification of liquids by simple distillation at atmospheric pressure Procedure:        I.  ...